Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is a clinical-radiological entity that is increasingly known in pediatric practice but it can be presented with a diverse neurological clinic (headache, altered consciousness level, loss of vision, seizures, etc.), usually associated to an episode of hypertension or renal failure. Imaging tests such as magnetic resonance, with greater sensitivity, and computed tomography or electroencephalogram are currently used for diagnosis. Its management is based in seizures treatment and control of blood pressure in addition to the elimination of predisposing factors and it usually has a good prognosis with a complete resolution of the episode in days or weeks.

Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a rare disease characterized by heart disease, intellectual disability, characteristic facial features and systemic abnormalities. Its genetic background is well known, allowing early diagnosis. So far, clinical diagnosis is generally based on the presence of features such as cardiac supravalvular aortic stenosis and pulmonary artery stenosis in association with intellectual disability and/or unusual faces. Multidisciplinary management is essential for the wide variety of associated anomalies and the family impact that the early diagnosis and prognosis entails. Here we present 2 cases of WBS, diagnosed during the infant period, who showed different phenotypes and clinical findings within the WBS spectrum.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) are the most common structural birth defects, it could be often associated with congenital kidney problems. While it is well known cardiac involvement secondary to kidney problems, are largely unknown effects produced by the CHD in its different symptomatic variants on the kidneys. The technical and human improvement from the beginning in this area to nowadays, have allowed increased survival and quality of life in the medium-long term follow-up of these patients. It has diversified the morbidity associated with the development and treatment of itself, with much less damage resulting from the natural evolution of the disease. There is a growing awareness in the prophylaxis and early treatment of problems arising mainly from the surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass, the palliative surgeries and heart transplant. Likewise, there is also greater awareness and caution in the use of multiple drugs with adverse renal effects that can be used in patients with CHD.

Objective: To determine which are the determinant factors of values of clinical and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) in children from hypertensive parents.

Material and methods: 108 children and adolescent (51 girls) were included in the study between ages from 6 to 18 years old. In all cases, the father, mother or even both had been diagnosed of essential arterial hypertension. 105 controls (54 girls) were included in the study with similar age range and sex. The measures of clinical BP were taken with a mercury sphygmomanometer and the measures of ambulatory BP (ABPM) were taken with a "Spacelabs 90207" oscillometric set, taking measures every 20 minutes during the activity period (from 08:00 to 22:00 h) and every 30 minutes during the sleep period (from 00:00 to 06:00 h). A multiple lineal regression study was carried out in order to judge the determinant factors of values of clinical and ambulatory BP; considering as independent variables the age, sex, height, obesity, newborn's weight and the previous hypertension history within the family.

Results: To be a son of hyper tense parents is the main determinant of values of BP systolic (SBP) clinical and ambulatory systolic, whichever period considered, of values of BP diastolic (DBP) clinical and ambulatory of 24 h and of the activity period when other parameters as age, sex, height and the newborn's weight are included in the study.

Conclusions: At the pediatric age, to be a son of hypertensive parents is a determinant factor for the hypertension development and shows its effect in the BP yet in the second decade of life. That's why this must be kept in mind when assessing the routine health control.

Objective: To determine whether the ambulatory and clinic blood pressure (BP) readings in children of hypertensive parents are higher than those of children of normotensive parents.

Methods: One hundred eight children and adolescents (among them, 51 girls) between the ages of 6 and 18 years were included in the study. In every case, the father, the mother or both had been diagnosed as having essential hypertension. One hundred five controls (among them, 54 girls) in a similar age range were also included. In the clinical setting, the BP was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer and the ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed with a "Spacelabs" 90207 oscillometric device, which took measurements every 20 minutes during the activity period (from 8:00 to 22:00 h) and every 30 minutes during the resting period (from 0:00 to 06:00 h). The circadian variation was calculated, as was the ratio between daytime and nighttime measurements.

Results: The children of parents with hypertension presented significantly higher clinic systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) than the children of normotensive parents. The ambulatory SBP and DBP values were also higher in children whose parents were hypertensive. The differences reached statistical significance for the ambulatory SBP, regardless of the period being considered (24-h, activity or resting). For the ambulatory DBP, the differences were statistically significant in the 24-h and activity periods. No differences were observed in the circadian variation.

Conclusion: During childhood and adolescence, the children of hypertensive parents have a higher BP than those of normotensive parents. Thus, this circumstance should be kept in mind when assessing their routine physical examinations.

We present the case of a thirteen years old black race male patient, affected by sickle cells anaemia, who developed hypertensive encephalopathy in the context of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type 1 with clinic nephrotic syndrome. The presence of microalbuminuria and proteinuria constitutes an early marker of the nephropathy in the sickle cell disorder.

The presence of blood pressure ranges between 2 and 28% in the black American population. Blood pressure in the black population is most frequent than in Caucasians, constituting a serious health problem in this population group.

We have not found any data in the available literature about hypertensive encephalopathy associated to this disease.