Neurofibromatosis type 1 is the most common neurocutaneous disease. It is a genetic disorder inherited as an autosomal-dominant trait, which leads to abnormalities mainly in the skin and in the nervous system, but also in other organs. Pulmonary involvement in patients with neurofibromatosis has been described as a rare complication, which mainly affects adults. We report the case of a non-smoker adolescent male with neurofibromatosis type 1 and associated pulmonary manifestations.

Introduction: Post-primary tuberculosis is caused by reactivation of the disease years after the initial contact. It is rare in childhood. Affects upper lung lobes producing cavitations and usually presents without lymphadenopathy.
Case report: We report the case of an eleven years-old patient with recurrent pneumothorax secondary to cavitated tuberculosis. The fever persisted two months after initiation of treatment. Partial resection of the left upper lobe was required due to bronchopleural fistula. After completing six months of tuberculosis treatment the infection relapsed.
Conclusions: Post-primary tuberculosis can occur in adolescents and cause severe lung injury requiring surgical resection. Patients have a high capacity of spread disease. Treatment response is slow due to the high bacilliferous concentration on the caves. The baciloscopy may take months to become negative. Tuberculostatic treatment should be administered for at least, nine months and may be necessary to extend the induction phase.